Essay about Mind/Body Problem in Philosophy - 767 Words

Running head: MIND/BODY PROBLEM IN PHILOSOPHY Mind/Body Problem in Philosophy Barbara Buchanan University of Phoenix Mind/Body Problem in Philosophy The History of Psychology plays a big role in the interest of Psychology and Philosophy today. Several theories have been developed and refined over the hundreds of years of history in Philosophy and Psychology. Included in this report will be the discussion of the realm of the mind and consciousness, the mind and consciousness in relation to the physical body, and the independence of physical functions of the body through the central nervous system. The Realm of Mind and Consciousness It was believed at one time that the mind was a product of the brain. The mind is a†¦show more content†¦Descartes believed that nerves were hollow tubes in animal spirits and were the driving forces that resulted in the movement of muscles in the human body. If one were to stick their hand on a sharp object, the mind would trigger the animal spirits to perform. The muscles and nerves in the body were triggered by stimulation that caused the brain to open up and allow the spirits to move through the nerves involuntarily. Thus the mind is what triggered the animal spirits to perform. Of course, after Descartes, the microscope was discovered and used to determine that indeed the â€Å"tubes† were not hollow and were indeed controlled by the brain. Our mind receives information and processes same. There is only one area of our brain that when the body dies, the brain dies with it. Where there is no thought there is no mind. It is p roven that the mind controls by the body. The mind is dependant on the Nervous system. An example would be the eye. In looking an object, the eye itself, the nerves and the light are all physical parts of seeing the object. However, seeing the actual object is subject to consciousness. Our mind must be conscious of the object in our view. If the eye is closed, the object is no longer visible. Therefore, the mind is dependent of the Central Nervous System. The Independent Mind Calmness, peace of mind, freedom from anxiety and worry, inner strength and happiness areShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Mind And Body929 Words   |  4 PagesIn philosophy, Mind–body dualism is any theory that states that the mind and body are two distinct kinds of substances or natures. The problem of the relationship of the mind to body arose from the works of Renà © Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician of the 17th-century who gave dualism its classical formulation or made it to be what it is today. Conceived from his famous â€Å"Cogito, ergo sum† (Latin) meaning â€Å"I think, therefore I am,† he developed a theory of the mind as a nontangible andRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem, By Rene Descartes Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pages Mind-Body Problem Oluwadamilola Kamson Philosophy 101: Introduction to Philosophy November 2016 INTRODUCTION The Mind-body problem dates back to Plato and was well received by the scholastic philosophers. However, it was Rene Descartes the famous French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. The mind-body problem is not, of course, a single problem at all, but a large collection of problems which focuses upon the fundamental issue of reality and knowledge in so far as such analysisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Body And Mind 855 Words   |  4 PagesProtocol Paper 3 – Body and Mind RECALL: In the Body and Mind chapter by Rachels it goes over many points. 1) Mind-Body dualism in a way to solve the mind-body problem, explains the relationship between mind and body facts. 2) It also points out the problems with mind-body dualism it is hard to see how a nonphysical mind could interact with a physical body. 3) Rachels points out that the mind-body dualism has largely disappeared from science and philosophy because it did not fit the emerging scientificRead MoreThe Mind-Body Problem Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mind-Body Problem The mind-body problem, which is still debated even today, raises the question about the relationship between the mind and the body. Theorists, such as Renà © Descartes and Thomas Nagel, have written extensively on the problem but they have many dissenting beliefs. Descartes, a dualist, contends that the mind and body are two different substances that can exist separately. Conversely, Nagel, a dual aspect theorist, contends that the mind and body are not substances but differentRead MoreIs The Mind Body Problem?1219 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy is a complex field that tries to better understand the world we live in. There have been a multitude of amazing philosophers that have helped shaped the world around us, all of which have had their own single beliefs. One of their main issues faced in philosophy is the mind-body problem, and philosophers are still trying to solve this predicament to this day. The mind-brain problem is trying better to understand whether a person’s m ental processes are the same as their physical processesRead MoreEssay on A challenge to Materialism1118 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuation and identity in Descartes’ philosophy of mind-body dualism. I will begin by addressing the framework of Cartesian dualism. Then I will examine the problems of individuation and identity as they relate to Descartes. Hopefully, after explaining Descartes’ reasoning and subsequently offering my response, I can show with some degree of confidence that the issues of individuation and identity offer a challenge to the Cartesians’ premise of mind-body dualism. Before diving into a critical examinationRead Moresituation in ethic Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Running head: How Philosophy and physiology have influenced early psychological thought. The Influences of early psychological though of Physiology and philosophy Cleo Jones History of Psychology Abstract Physiology is a branch of biology that deals with life and living matter according to (Webster Merriam) Physiology is the processes and function of all or part of an organ. According to (Webster) Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected withRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem Of Monism878 Words   |  4 Pagesbrain controlling our mental states? Most people would call this the mind. Some philosophies describe the mind as â€Å"simply a physical thing† while others believe the mind â€Å"is a non-physical entity †¦ sometimes called ‘the ghost in the machine.’† (Friedenber Silverman, 2006. p.30) This essay will briefly describe three major philosophies that try to explain the mind body problem. One philosophy that explains the mind-body problem is monism. Monism states that all our thoughts can be reduced down toRead MoreThink Philosophically1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe meaning of the goods of the mind are at least as important as the goods of the body by Russel is good if we provide ourselves with the goods for our body as well as our mind. We can not separate the mind and the body because we think in our mind that, it is going to be reflected by doing so, as it has to be balanced. If we are breaking apart the goods of the body, we need shelter, foods, drinks, and also clothes to maintain our lives. The good of the minds are our knowledge and understandingRead MoreMy View Philosophy As A Discipline Or Area Of Study881 Words   |  4 PagesI view philosophy as a discipline or area of study that methodically examines many of life s questions like the ones I ask myself everyday: what is real? What isn t real? How do I know the things I know? Why do I know them? Am I free to make my own choices or is there an unseen force that controls my life so that no matter what I do, I can t change what happens to me? Philosophy to me examines these questions through argument with logic, and reflection or examination of one s inner self. According

Finance Management Overview Essay examples - 1186 Words

CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Forms of business organization Answer: c [i]. Which of the following could explain why a business might choose to organize as a corporation rather than as a sole proprietorship or a partnership? a. Corporations generally face fewer regulations. b. Corporations generally face lower taxes. c. Corporations generally find it easier to raise capital. d. Corporations enjoy unlimited liability. e. Statements c and d are correct. Firm organization Answer: a [ii]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. One advantage of forming a corporation is that you have limited liability. b. Corporations face fewer regulations than†¦show more content†¦Corporations and partnerships have an advantage over proprietorships because a sole proprietor is subject to unlimited liability, but investors in the other types of businesses are not. e. Firms in highly competitive industries find it easier to exercise â€Å"social responsibility† than do firms in oligopolistic industries. Miscellaneous concepts Answer: e [x]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. One advantage of organizing your business as a corporation is that your shareholders are not subject to limited liability. b. Restrictive covenants in debt agreements are an effective way to reduce agency conflicts between stockholders and managers. c. Managers generally welcome hostile takeovers since they often increase the company’s stock price. d. Statements a and b are correct. e. None of the answers above is correct. Partnership form Answer: d [xi]. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. In a partnership, liability for other partners’ misdeeds is limited to the amount a particular partner has invested in the business. b. Partnerships must be formed according to specific rules that include the filing of a formal written agreement with state authorities where the partnership does business. c. A fast-growth company would be more likely to set up a partnership for its business organization than would a slow-growth company. d. Partnerships haveShow MoreRelatedIntroduction of Finance Industry1451 Words   |  6 PagesCommercial Banking: Overview Commercial banks are in the business of providing banking services to individuals, small businesses and large organizations. While the banking sector has been consolidating, it is worth noting that far more people are employed in the commercial banking sector than any other part of the financial services industry. Jobs in banking can be exciting and offer excellent opportunities to learn about business, interact with people and build up a clientele. Today sRead MoreDeveloping Process Of A Business Plan And Entrepreneurial Finance953 Words   |  4 Pagestopics of SMEs: the developing process of a business plan and entrepreneurial finance, which is a key aspect for SMEs to operate successfully. Personal experiences and group behavior are blended into theoretical approaches to critically evaluate various financial aspects. Christopher Johns’ Model of Reflection is adopted in financial part of this essay where individual reflection is portrayed. Figure 1 provides an overview of this model as five cue elements: description; reflection; influencing factors;Read MoreEnterprise Resource Planning ( Erp )1420 Words   |  6 Pages The introduction of ERP and SAP Guojun Xia (304463099) 1. ERP Overview Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software items are business application, bundled software. They are utilized to run vast to medium-sized business ventures. 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Kathy Kudler was the VP of Marketing of a large defense contractor company andRead MoreKudler Fine Foods - Accounting System972 Words   |  4 PagesFine Foods hired a consulting firm to â€Å"assist in the selection and installation of a comprehensive Retail Enterprise Management System (REMS)†, according to the Kudler Fine Foods intranet. REMS is a modular system which contains a General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Point of Sale, Bank Reconciliation, and Asset Management and Accounting modules. To save money, the Asset Management and Accounting module was not purchased since the stores are all on long term leases and the remaining assets can be â€Å"controlledRead MoreComprehensive Annual Financial Report1416 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Report The Office of Financial Management provides vital information, fiscal services and policy support that the Governor, Legislature and state agencies need to serve the people of Washington State (Investopedia, 2010). Included in this briefing, a comparison of the governmental and for-profit financial accounting will be discussed, an understanding of the government reporting and reporting entity, and an overview of the Management Discussion Analysis report for the state of WashingtonRead MoreFinancial Statements Are Key Aspects Of Business Operations1037 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Financial statements are key aspects of business operations. In fact, it is the financial statement that provides management with the information needed to make sound business decisions. Other stakeholders, like investors and creditors, use financial statements to make decisions about whether or not to invest in, loan money to, or do business with a company (Jesswein, 2013). The importance of a financial statement is dictated by the need for certain information, i.e., the overall healthRead MoreThe Southwood School Principal Will Begin By Giving A Welcoming1141 Words   |  5 Pagesreview the school’s organizational culture, history, goals and objectives, vision and mission. The Principal will likewise utilize this opportunity to introduce New Employee Orientation Board: the School Administrator, the HR Management, the Head of IT, and the Director of Finance. Subsequently, the Principal will then request that the new hires take out their Employee Checklist from their New Orientation Folder and instruct them that this will be their guideline for today’s orientation and first fullRead MoreCmgt 554 Week4 Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesimproving and collaborating interdepartmentally with management, employees, staff, and customers (Apollo Group, Inc, 2013). 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Client conceptualization Free Essays

Session Number: 3 Setting: Office Client’s Age: 8 Estimated # of Sessions Required: 15 Case Conceptualization Client History: Client is an eight year old, Caucasian female. The client’s mother, age 31 , works out of the home. She in not married or in a relationship at this time. We will write a custom essay sample on Client conceptualization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Client’s mother is the sole provider for client and her bother, age 10. Client’s mother stated that, â€Å"their dad left when she was Just a baby and they have had no contact with him since†. Linnet’s mother stated that client’s dad would drink beer on a regular basis during he time in which they were married. Client’s mother voiced that she and client’s father would argue in front of the children before he left, but they were never violent. Client’s mother voiced that she does not drink alcohol or take drugs and never has. Client’s mother stated that she has never been In Jail or In trouble with the law. The current legal status of client’s father is unknown at this time, as he now lives â€Å"out of state†. Client’s mother has never remarried and has not brought any boyfriends around the children. Client’s mother stated that client interacts well with her brother, UT â€Å"they start out playing nice then they get rough and someone starts to cry’. Client is going to be in the second grade at a local public school next year. Her grades in school are not consistent, varying from As to As. Client is indifferent about going to school and stated that she â€Å"doesn’t care if I have to go or not†. Client goes to a separate class to help her with her math and reading. Client began this last year, and mother states that there has been some improvement. Client does not have many friends at school. She has been suspended for hitting and kicking other dents. When asked why she was aggressive with the other students, client responded, â€Å"they were being mean to me and talking about my kitty. When asked about her pregnancy with the client, her mother responded, â€Å"l had a normal pregnancy and was not sick much. I took my vitamins everyday and tried to take care of my self. I had her at 39 weeks and 4 days†. When discussing client’s development as a toddler, her mother stated â€Å"she was always a happy toddler, she would get upset when she didn’t get her way or her brother took something from her. Present Concerns: The client was brought in to the agency by her mother. Client’s mother stated, â€Å"l am worried about her because she plays very rough with her animals and her brother†. Mother stated that client has a difficult time following directions and is aggressive with her words as well. Mother stated that client is â€Å"very aggressive when I OFF up† for no reason at all; it does not take much to anger her. Mother reports that client fights with her brother while at home and does not get along with the neighbors. Actual Core Issues: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CB) seems to be the most appropriate approach to apply to this case. The CB model has great appeal because it focuses on human thought. Human cognitive abilities have been responsible for our many accomplishments so may also be responsible for our problems. By exploring patterns of thinking that lead to self-destructive actions and the beliefs that direct these thoughts, this client can modify her patterns of thinking to improve coping. CB is a type of psychotherapy that is different from traditional psychodrama psychotherapy in that the therapist and the client will actively work together to help the client recover from their mental illness. People who seek CB can expect their therapist to be problem-focused, and goal-directed in addressing the challenging symptoms of mental illnesses. Because CB is an active intervention, one can also expect to do homework or practice outside of sessions. Cognitive Behavior Therapy is usually more focused on the present, more time-limited, and more problem-solving oriented. In addition, patients learn specific skills that they can use for the rest of their lives. These skills involve identifying distorted thinking, modifying beliefs, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors The client’s mother brought her in for services because of her â€Å"rough† behaviors and aggression. With CB, the therapist will focus on the thoughts that are causing the feelings, which are then causing the behaviors. When others tell the client something that she does not agree with or like, the client has an anger outburst and sometimes uses physical harm on the other person. The aggressive behavior could be triggered by the thought that no one else cares about what she thinks. With the CB model, we can help the client take responsibility for her own actions. When the linen plays rough with her brother, she gets angry and hits him. That behavior is triggered by the thought that client’s brother is playing too rough with her and trying to hurt her. Through redirection, the therapist can work with the client to understand how positive and negative thoughts lead to a specific thought, which then lead to a behavior. When the client is able to understand how her thoughts lead to a specific behavior, and the counselor has helped the client change the direction of her thoughts, the client will be better. When she is able to identify that a thought does to have to a negative reaction, the client will be able to discharge from treatment. Treatment Intervention: The treatment intervention here, should involve the active participation of the client in exploring her thoughts and behaviors. The expectation is that the client can realize how many distorted beliefs she has and help redirect her to healthy thoughts. The client’s treatment will focus on thought patterns that cause distress and also on developing more realistic interpretations of events. Delusions are treated by their beliefs and encouraging them to recognize evidence that may have been overlooked, evidence that does not support the belief. The benefit of using CB with this client is that by changing the way she thinks about a situation, the client will be able to control her behavior. The goal of treatment is aimed to help the client become aware of when she makes negative interpretations, and of behavioral patterns, which reinforce her negative thinking. CB will help her develop alternative ways of thinking and behaving to reduce the psychological distress. It will be the counselor’s Job to teach the client how to identify distorted cognitions through a process of evaluation. The linen will learn to discriminate between her own thoughts and reality. The end goal is for the client to be able to identify her own unhelpful benefits and prove them wrong resulting in her beliefs changing. The role of the counselor is to help the client solve problems that are of greatest distress. This can be done through a structure that seeks to maximize efficiency, learning, and therapeutic change. Important parts of each session include a mood check, a bridge between sessions, proportioning an agenda, discussing specific problems and teaching skills in the context of solving these problems, setting of self- alp assignments, summary, and feedback. How to cite Client conceptualization, Papers

Accounting Theory and Application Positive Accounting Research

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Theory and Applicationfor Positive Accounting Research. Answer: Introduction Liberalizing the positive accounting approach for developing the casual detailing of the human behavior in accounting settings is the main theme of the given research program (Dunmore, 2016). The theory of knowledge, specifically highlighting the methods, scope and the reality needs to be cleared out to understand the distinction between generic opinion and justified belief of a particular concerned research article. Thus, the given study mainly discusses the positive accounting explanations have been which seems largely incapable in achieving scientific objectives. The casual involvement of the human elements in the accounting field has struggle with testing theoretical models, undue dependence of the logic of hypothesis, ineffective duplication confined the level of confidence to accept the findings. It has further been shown the lack of interest in the quantitative values of the parameters while doing the research works, especially the field of accounting. Hence, the article about the positive approach to the research of accounting will be discussed in this study. The aim of the critique is to examine the theme of literature that the human behavior needs to be explored in the field of accounting for effective decision makings. To understand the inner meaning of the given article regarding the positive accounting research, the paper will primarily explore the summary of the article. Based on the research hypothesis, the theoretical framework will be designed later in this paper. After over viewing the entire article, the significance and limitations of the articles will be determined before making findings of the article in the conclusion part of the research paper. Summary of the Article In today technological world, majority of the complex organizations are willingly involve in less personal or comprehensively impersonal systems of information for their decision making. However several critiques mentioned in their research papers that face-to-face interactions can the potentiality in taking decisions more effectively and accurately (Penman, 2013). Thus, the article highlights the importance and deficiencies of positive accounting research, by briefly reviewing the intellectual project. The article investigates serious deficiencies in terms of presenting the accounting data to the higher authority of the organization. Interestingly, most of the researches are restricted in solving accepted puzzles within a social group. However, the article included the concept of the disciplinary matrix used by Kuhn (1970). The idea behind such concept in this article is to introduce the positive elements of accounting for taking decisions regardless of the social or intellectual co ntribution deriving from the solutions (Dunmore, 2016). Interestingly, this has been proved that the idea of disciplinary matrix is beneficial for presenting accounting data and increases the opportunity for adopting a more useful paradigm while taking the decision. Thus the article has provided suggestions to incorporate present system toward invigorating the research of accounting positively for achieving its potential. In this article, several working hypotheses have been set for the purpose of the intellectual enquiry at work. Firstly, this has been imagined that the world is independent place where there is no control over the wishes of human subject. Secondly, the tested events must be the part of the world or this cannot be taken as the results of interventions from outside the world. The next hypothesis assumed that the normal people can obtain fairly reliable information about events in the world by careful observation. Lastly, the hypothesis clearly mentioned that the purpose of the intellectual enquiry is to make understand the world that the careful observation with positive approach in accounting field can improve the decision making. Needless to say, the human behavior is one of the core elements for taking positive and transparent approach in accounting. The article develops an inner meaning that the clarity and positivity in think of a person can be extended when personal interactions takes place during the intellectual enquiry. However, the religious understanding may discourage such enquiry (Giddens, 2013). This concept has been described in this article with the support of well-known stories for better understanding of the theme of the research. To understand the positive research in intellectual program, the article explored the idea of scientific research program, concentrating mainly the economic and accounting perspectives. Thus, the paper has clearly determined the deficiencies in its implementation in the perspectives of the modern scenario. Later the article discussed the research topic with the help of apt examples of positive research in accounting. In this section, the term positive accounting theory has been connected with Watts and Zimmerman because they were primarily discussed this in a broader sense instead of concentrating a particular theory (Whittington, 2015). Based on the perspective of them, this has been observed that accounting phenomena are generic caused by the operation of coherent individual-interest among parties who frequently interact with expression or indirect contracts in different types of organization. Interestingly, the concept of positive research in accounting described by them can encompass not only by the choices of firm managers but also decisions taken by auditors regarding the pricing and reporting purpose. However, the article investigates that such kind of research do not illustrate considerably on this theoretical model. Contradictory part of the article is that human acts rational ly but not in the sort of events associated with the Positive Accounting Theory (Dunmore, 2016). The view of Fukuyama argued that eighty percent of the time is being considered correct when organizations incorporates fundamental model during the intellectual enquiry for the accounting purpose. In the forth section of the article, the scientific viewpoints have also being discussed for proving the fact that the research related to positive accounting is not the same as the research of accounting. Most of the cases, interpretive researchers argued that interpretive research program does not follow the assumptions of positive research (Christensen et al. 2016). For instance, those reality associated with the social nature of reality can be match the views of the viewpoints of the intellectual researchers. In other words, the socially constructed events carried out by human subjects are different and positive approach cannot be followed universally. In short, the article has clearly made an observation that human behavior varies with the auctions taken by them. On common perspective, mind makes choices, when humans have free will. Thus, the cause of behaviors is fluctuating and the decisions taken based on the human elements can be considered true or perfect for decision makin g all the time. Later the article tested the chosen hypotheses with the application of the theoretical framework. For instance, the collection of data is important for doing most of the scientific research. For this, theories are practiced for accumulating data. However, the argument lies on the concept of the acceptance of such used theories over the centuries. When the natural scientists think differently, they might observe irregularities in the past theories. In that situation, the careful observation based on those theories may found distinguish from the current observations. Frankly speaking, creative idea in science may be varied with different approaches of the natural scientists. This concept has been discussed with the Poppers criterion in this section. The essence of successful positive research program is also incorporated in this article for improving the human behaviors into the accounting research for better financial decision making. To determine the positive aspects of the research program, the researcher conducted a survey. Needless to say, the survey has revealed the noticeable gap between positive accounting practiced in organizations with actually would be required. Thus, most of the cases, organizations failed to make an effective contribution to the expanded intellectual program. Research Hypotheses The article has taken four hypotheses for conducting the research. Firstly, an independent world has been taken into consideration for conducting the research. An inner meaning said that events in the world are free of control of wishes of human subjects. This hypothesis values in the literature because new scientific thinking is full of creative ideas which must be evolving in nature. Thus, the concerned careful observations related to the accounting research might be varied. The second hypothesis assumed that events of the research are part of this world. In other words, the outcomes of such events are not the part of outside world. Thirdly, the observations of the research are not completely unconnected to the world. By this hypothesis, the research has maintained a realistic approach towards the normal people. Fourthly, the purpose of the enquiry at the level of intellectual is for gaining the importance to the world so that the entire research could contribute towards a particular direction. Theoretical Framework To conduct the research, the article discussed many theoretical frameworks for understanding the scientific contribution. For testing hypothesis, Poppers criterion has been discussed (Dunmore, 2016). This helped to understand the cause of distinguishes of creative ideas among many scientists. Evidence suggests that observations can be varied with different creative ideas. By this theoretical discussion, the variable nature of careful observations of natural scientists has been verified and tested the hypothesis as well. Therefore, the practicality lies on the use of the theoretical applications of the research. The Significance and Limitations of the Article This article approached diverse concepts of literatures. This helps in discussing the procurement of data for conducting the intellectual research related to the accounting research. The acceptance of the article comprises with the inclusion of the several viewpoints in the literature. For instance, the interpretative research program has been discussed, although the article has mainly concentrated on intellectual observations of the researchers. Thus the article has broadened its acceptance. Secondly, the research has incorporate mainstream accounting research program in contemporary decades despite its criticisms among others. The author has shown full support towards the application his research on applied accounting along with mentioning deficiencies in its implementation into the research. Thus the author does no hide the limitation of his own. Thirdly, the author has given examples for better understanding the positive approach in accounting research. This holds the practically of the research. However, limited theoretical framework has been used for testing the hypothesis. Secondly, the author has discussed both per perspectives of economic and accounting during the analysis of scientific research program. It creates several confusions among the critics of the article. Conclusion By the above discussion of the positive research, it has been observed that current practice of accounting has fall short while approaching careful observations. Furthermore, it has been determined that theoretical models are not helpful for getting involved in intellectual research for accounting because models are evolving with times. References: Christensen, H. B., Nikolaev, V. V., Wittenberg?Moerman, R. (2016). Accounting information in financial contracting: The incomplete contract theory perspective.Journal of Accounting Research,54(2), 397-435. Dunmore, p. (2016). Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research, (Massey university , wellington Giddens, A. (2013).New rules of sociological method: A positive critique of interpretative sociologies. John Wiley Sons. Penman, S. (2013). Accounting standard setting: Thoughts on developing a conceptual framework.China Journal of Accounting Studies,1(3-4), 157-167. Whittington, G. (2015). Measurement in Financial Reporting: Half a Century of Research and Practice.Abacus,51(4), 549-571.

The Downfall Of China Essay Example For Students

The Downfall Of China Essay China is the perfect example of what happens when one leader is given to much power. The leaders of China were each very afraid of social reform, and the consequences that outside influence may have on their customs. As a means of initiating reform, they shut the entire Western world out almost completely. At the time it was a move that served China well but in the long run it was the downfall of China. While blindfolded, the Chinese were unable to see the great advancements of the Western world. With an egocentric government, the Chinese citizens were neglected outside of the palace walls and the country fell to shambles. Instead of stimulating economic growth the government suppressed it as the rest of the world advanced. While focused on fear of internal rebellion the Chinese leaders overlooked the status of their army and were not prepared for the rest of the world as they fell so far behind in almost every advancement. Had China remained in contact with the Western world it woul d have been possible for them to be as advanced a civilization as the Western world. As the Chinese government had their head buried in the sand with worry over losing control of their empire, they neglected to maintain the basic essentials of a functional country. All of Chinas canals eventually decayed as they were left unrepaired for years, the ironworks that China once prided itself one became obsolete with out a second look, and the army itself was no match for any Western army. The merchants were of no avail to the poor Chinese civilians as their profits on land and education. Upon shutting out the rest of the world China had forbidden the use of a printing press. The expression of social criticism and news of the outside world was banned. The people of China had no idea what was happening. When the doors had been shut from the outside world Europe was not as highly advanced as China. Europeans lived in crowded cities with rodents and foul odors. The Chinese for a period of ti me lived with the fresh scent of flowers and tea. As China internally decayed the citizens had nothing to compare it to for they had always been ahead of Europe in almost everything for so many centuries. After the thirteenth century Western civilization flourished. In Western Europe the governments encouraged industrial growth and individual commerce as a means of keeping ahead of the competition. With each distinct country competing with each other a variety of individual trades were created eventually sparking the Industrial Revolution. As a result of heavily trading around the world, each country became very wealthy, and as such their internal economies grew. In Great Britain without government suppression on individual companies they were able to build the most powerful navy in the world, and colonize in many different countries. As China was suffering from economic rot, they paid no attention to the world around them. They did not realize that the rest of the world was waiting to conquer China and divide the winnings. When Chinese officials refused to continue trading with the British they initiated the Opium Wars. The final result of the Opium War was almost devastating. They were forced to sign an unfair treaty with Britain. Under the treaty, the opium trade was legalized and the Guangzhou monopoly was ended as Xiamen, Ningbo, Fuzhou, and Shanghai was also opened to trade. The island of Hong Kong became a British base and Britain established the right to supervise and inspect a published tariff structure on Chinas trade. Finally, China, already reeling from trade imbalance, was compelled to pay a war indemnity of $21 million. China was very focused on keeping the Japanese and Portuguese pirates away from their shores. While they were distracted every other European country continued to build their armies at a rapid speed. With new technology, the Western world left China behind and continued to invent more lethal weapons. As China was busy fighting off predators they had no extra time to keep up. As all of their iron factories were obsolete they had no cost, efficient method. Because of their military weakness they lost all of the Opium Wars which resulting in crippling economic losses. Thinking that things couldnt get worse internal upset led to the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in the deaths of twenty million people. The loss was yet another drastically unfavorable blow to the Chinese economy. Shortly following the Taiping Rebellion the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 further damaged China. The rest of the world was just waiting to take a piece of China at this point. The Boxer Rebellion only made their situation worse. The Chinese needed reform and fast. It wasnt until January first, 1912 that Dr. Sun Yat-sen was to be sworn in as the first president of the provisional government of Chinas new Republic. .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .postImageUrl , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:hover , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:visited , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:active { border:0!important; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:active , .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd6f9ac18b87faf08150fc237fbefa8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Is the Tragic Hero, Antigone or Creon? Essay We will write a custom essay on The Downfall Of China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Crippling defeat during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95It was ignorant on Chinas part to assume that Europe wouldnt try to colonize their country. Had China not shut out the Western world they would have been able to keep advancing their armys equipment. As a result they might have been able to fight off the British and the French during the Opium Wars. The Russians would have been happy to assist in return for a trading agreement. Fortunately China ended up with a new Republic and managed to maintain order and participate in the last years of the Industrial Revolution. In closing, had China not shut out the Western world as a means of defense they might have been one of the leading countries in the world today. Political Issues

Linear Algebra and Vector Equations †Math Essay

Linear Algebra and Vector Equations – Math Essay Free Online Research Papers Linear Algebra and Vector Equations Math Essay Week 2 in Linear Algebra focused on Vector Equations (Section 1.3) and the Matrix Equation Ax = b (Section 1.4). The key concepts in section 1.3 are linear combinations of vectors and a spanning set. A vector is defined as a matrix with one column. A vector with n entries defines a vector in Rn. If you plot two vectors in R2, you can find the sum of the vectors graphically using Parallelogram Rule. Linear Combinations are combinations of vectors, using different weights for each. For example, given vectors v and u, 2v + u is a Linear Combination of the two vectors. Furthermore, the equation v + u = b has the same solution as the augmented matrix [v u | b]. This means that b can be made from a linear combination of v and u if and only if the corresponding augmented matrix has a solution. The other key concept in section 1.3 is Span. The Span of vectors is the set of all linear combinations of the vectors. Given u, v, and z, Span{ u, v, z} is the collection of all vectors that can be written as x1u + x2v + x3z. To determine if vector b is in the span of vectors u and v, put all three vectors into an augmented matrix (vector b being the last row) and solve. If the solution is consistent, b is i n the Span{u, v}. Section 1.4 explains how linear combinations can be viewed as vector multiplication. There are three ways of viewing linear systems: as a system of linear equations, as a vector equation, or as a matrix equation Ax = b. So, since all three represent linear systems, they can all be used to find the same solutions. For any matrix A with rows m and columns n, the following is true: for each b in Rm, the equation Ax = b has a solution, each b in Rm is a linear combination of the columns of A, the columns of A span Rm, and A has a pivot position in every row. This means that a 33 matrix must have a pivot in every row to span R3. Finally, the last theorem of the section states that if A is an m x n matrix, u and v are vectors in Rn, and c is a scalar, then: A(u+v) = Au + Av, and A(cu) = cAu. Research Papers on Linear Algebra and Vector Equations - Math EssayIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicGenetic EngineeringThe Project Managment Office SystemEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is Art

Operations Management of BP Plc (British Petroleum) Essay

Operations Management of BP Plc (British Petroleum) - Essay Example It also transforms capital into goods and services. Operational management allows firms, and companies to come up with strategies that help companies deal with new market entrants and main competitors. Each company has a distinct way of dealing with its operations (Merz & Sauber1995). Many companies come up with distinct names for their departments. BP is a multinational company which has a vibrant operational and management department. Problem definition BP has come under intense pressure due to competition from other major oil producing companies. The company needs to reinvent itself in order to maintain its profitability. BP is known to produce large amounts of oil. However, the large amounts of oil are not reflected in the amounts of revenues generated. The company is also facing the threats that range from new entrants to the established oil companies. There is need to consider the strategies that are needed to keep the company economically viable and competitive. Body BP Amoco is a leading oil industry aims at supplying petroleum products to its international marketplace. Operation administration has become an essential tool in the oil industry management techniques. Operation management makes sure these industries adhere to quality of work. BP also known as BP Amoco is located in London (Wulf 2012). It is a globally established petroleum and oil firm. The company began in 1901. The company was used in all exploration and was a source of oil for the royal navy (Business Week 2012). The company was founded by William Knox and found oil for the first time in 1908. In 1917, the UK administration became in charge of the industry, and planned to rename it to B P (Business Week 2012). BP expanded its market in the entire Europe and later merged with American Oil Company (AMOCO). BP has been using high quality operational management skills with have been the reason behind the firm’s success. BP is in service in over a hundred countries on to serve the int ernational market. BP focuses on drilling and discovering oil around the world (Scarborough & Spatarella1998).BP is paying attention to quality products. BP is setting achieve goals with a clear timeline. The company is closing down branches are considered to have declining revenues. Attention is paid to products which are consumer friendly. This has caused BP to rebrand and the initial step to create incentives to employees and to attract customers. BP is measuring quality and productivity through amount generated per barrel. The company explores unfinished lubricants, natural gas, refinement, distillation, selling, and delivery, along with manufacturing petroleum products (The Economist 2011). The company

A)The financial crisis of 2007-2010 was it simply the result of lax Essay

A)The financial crisis of 2007-2010 was it simply the result of lax regulation, or were a range of factors at play (50 marks) - Essay Example The first phase, as explained below, is Novel Offering. Finally, I will discuss the link between the crises and the factors such as Crises of Financialisation and contradiction. The crises will also be explained from an economic theory pint of view (Peretz and Schroedel 2009). Novel Offerings Novel offerings are sources of revenue used by banks and other financial institutions by trading in different financial products. For the last few decades, the context of deregulation has greatly contributed towards development of these financial products. For example, since 1970s, different regulations controlling the actions of financial institutions in the UK and USA have been loosening up. This includes Glass Steagall, which had been instituted to disjoin the people’s savings from the riskier operations of investment banks. The banks resulted in creation of shadow baking system, which allowed them to circumvent the rule that required them to balance the risk on their books with some l evel of capital. Securitisation, Boom and collapse of shadow banking The shadow banking system is believed to have traded the worst performing and the riskiest mortgages. These systems put extensive pressure upon the traditional institutions hence forcing them to soften their underwriting standards and start dealing with riskier loans. These banks were later criticised for underpinning the financial system, though they were not accountable to the same regulatory controls. What’s more, these banks were susceptible because of maturity mismatch, implying that they borrowed short-term loans from liquid markets and bought illiquid, long-term, but risky assets. The uncontrolled practices of such banks are the core of the 2007 financial crises – the situation could have been better if regulation was imposed on all activities related with banking. In the spring of 2007, the securitization markets were helped by shadow banking systems, leading to a more or less shut-down in the fall of 2008. What ensued was disappearance from market of more than a third of the private credit market (Thompson 2005). Figure 1 shows how securitization market came near shut-down during the crises. Figure 1: Decline of securitization market Securitisation is the process by which a certain assets’ cash-flows are separated from the balance sheet of the primary entity and transformed into marketable securities (Thompson 1995). The purpose of securitisation is to convert illiquid assets into marketable securities. It is used by insures as a form of risk management, which is achieved through transferring, commoditising and reallocating of different types of risks such as interest rate risk, credit risk, and pricing risk. Securitisation of the US subprime mortgage, according to Ingham (2008), fuelled the global crises during the summer of 2007 by increasing the extent of lending to subprime borrowers, which was happening at a very high default rate. Between 2004 and 2006, the market for subprime loans expanded significantly as shown in figure 2. As a result, the European and the US banks were writing off a massive amount of financial assets as the securitised mortgages became illiquid. The public money was used by many governments to bail out the financial institutions that were entangled into crises. Although it is usually a regulatory requirement to undertake credit rating on

Is there global convergence in corporate governance and why Essay

Is there global convergence in corporate governance and why - Essay Example This research paper is focused on convergence corporate governance practices among business firms and tries to determine the primary reason behind it. Paul (2005) mentioned in his study that firms belonging to different cultural background follow different organizational practices. The cross cultural difference in organizational behaviour has been studies by Hofstede, Wedel and Steenkamp (2002), where he stated that people belonging to different cultural background possesses different psychological profile, which is the key determinant behind variance in governance structures in the organizations. However, Chan and Cheung (2012) contrasted that despite of the presence of cultural differences among the firms, there exists a uniformity among the corporate laws, which compels all the business firms to work under the same roof. Porta et al (1999) further added that the firms that operate in a multinational level deals with the financial standards and regulations of different countries. Therefore, it becomes a big hassle for them if different countries follow different standards. This as a result forced the multinational firms to agree upon a commonly used regulations and standards that eased the business activities of the firms. Coffee-Jr (1999) mentioned that the importance of protecting shareholder’s interests is also a vital determinant of the growing convergence of the corporate governance structures. This is mostly because the outside investors often face the risk of uncertainty in some countries where the expropriation of the minority shareholders by the controlling shareholders is extensive. Paul (2005) opined that the advent of globalization has created an open global business market where all the firms from different avenues perform their respective business activities. Therefore it is imperative that the firms

Study On Self Reflection Business Essay

Study On Self Reflection Business Essay This chapter deals with the researchers experience during the dissertation. Reflection is important for the self development of an individual. Refection plays a major role in developing as it helps in learning from experience. Reflection helps in reviewing the work constantly from the learning and the experiences. Moon (2004, p.82) defines reflection as â€Å"Reflection is a form of mental processing- like a form of thinking that we may use to fulfil a purpose or to achieve some anticipated outcome or we may simply â€Å"be reflective† and then an outcome can be unexpected†. Reflection can also be related to problems which does not have any possible solution which are based on the knowledge and the understanding that we already have. 6.2 Kolbs reflective learning theory: A model for an experimental learning was developed by Kolb (1984b) called as Kolbs learning cycle. This model is very useful in understanding and it helps in developing reflective learning. Kolb says that learning can be of two ways one is â€Å"abstract- concrete† and â€Å"active-reflective†. There are four stages in a cyclic manner in the Kolb cycle. They are â€Å"abstract conceptualization†, â€Å"active experimentation†, â€Å"concrete experience† and â€Å"reflective observation†. This is shown in the diagram below Entry into one of the four stages can be made at anytime and the model helps in developing when all the stages are fallowed in a sequence manner to learn effectively. Experience alone does not account in the Kolbs learning cycle but it is highly essential how the reflection is made from the experience to form generalizations. These generalisations help to formulate new concepts that will be very useful a concept in a new situation. The theory can be related to the action by proper planning and acting out and reflecting on it and then relating back to the theory. This completes the cyclic process. The cyclic begins when the individual relates the experience which he has gained and relates to other things, and this experience forms the starting point for reflective observation. 6.3 Learning achievement from research: The researcher did his undergraduate in India where the teaching system is completely different. Initially the researcher faced lots of problem with the teaching system and the examination system at Liverpool John Moores University. The assignment system are new in the Liverpool John Moores University. Initially faced many problems while doing the assignments because it was new to do this sort of assignments. The experience which is gained by submitting assignments from the first and second semester has helped in improving the writing skills and thus the experiences which are gained while submitting the assignments helped in writing the dissertation. The research methods module which attended for almost three months in the second semester has helped in getting a clear knowledge about how to do proceed with the dissertation. It helped in knowing the concept of the research, how to do research, what are the different ways in conducting the research, how to frame the questionnaire, how to collect the data. The methodology module helped in gaining a theoretical idea about how the dissertation can be done in different ways. But when it comes to practical it was different and faced problem with the questionnaire and the tutor has helped in correcting the questionnaire. Time management is very important because things which are not done on time will be waste. While doing dissertation the researcher learned how to use time effectively and how to plan the things in the given period of time. Communication plays a main role in order to be a successful in professional life. Communication skills has been increased when it comes speaking English fluently. Without proper communication it is difficult to convey the message clearly. Group work and regularly meeting with tutor has helped in increasing communication skills. Group work has taught so many things especially confidence and motivation. While interacting with colleagues when doing group work and pointing out the mistakes and appreciating the best work has increased lot of confidence. The topic of analysing the performance appraisal of employee at KFC has been chosen because of the interest in Human Resource Management. The idea to do research on this topic came in second semester while attending human resource management classes as one of core modules in the second semester. The human resource management module helped in critically think and evaluating the issues surrounding on this topic. Because of the experience gained while working in this organisation it helped in understanding that the issues the employees faces when it comes to the performance appraisal. This is an attempt to look at one of the problems which the employee faces when it comes to performance appraisal. The process of research began with the literature review. Literature review is very helpful and it is beneficial to the researcher as it helped to identify the possible causes and issue pertaining to the performance appraisal of employee in the organisation. The researcher work is to identify the most and the least significant factors for this study. From the literature review the researcher came to know that from a proper training the performance of the employee can be increased While doing the dissertation the researcher faced many problems. Dr. Karim Menacere helped in clearing all the doubts patiently and advised how to write the dissertation. With the good guidance from tutor the researcher gained knowledge on how to write the dissertation. Continuously meeting with the tutor helped in improving the communication skills. Effective communication played a key role in completing the dissertation. 6.4 Reflection on MBA: The modules in the first and the second semester helped in gaining the knowledge on the subject. By doing the group assignments in the first semester with the colleagues who are from different cultural, social background helped in critically thinking on the topic. When it comes to second semester while reflecting from the experience gained from the first semester, the researcher writing skills and critical thinking has improved a lot. 6.5 Conclusion: In depth has been gained on the subject of the performance appraisal while doing research. How the employee perception towards the feedback, pay and training process will alter the effectiveness of the performance appraisal in the organisation. Communication skills which are developed while interacting with professors, colleagues and friends will help in career. Referring to many text book and journals had helped in critical thinking on the performance appraisal and helped to develop an in depth knowledge on the subject and the analytical skill which were developed during the research will help in the future professional life. This theoretical and practical knowledge will help the researcher in the future.

Accounting Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

paper will discuss the public perception of CPAs in today's society, pitfalls that they may encounter, methods to prevent some of these negative behaviors and consequences they may face should they fall short. Most "Who Do You Trust?" surveys rank politicians, lawyers and used car salesmen at the bottom and certified public accountants at the top. That is because the CPA profession has a squeaky clean image--anal-retentive little wimps who wear thick glasses and cannot get a date. CPAs are known and respected for their honesty. The profession that goes out of its way to project that image, and there is a certain amount of truth to it. Not all accountants are anal-retentive little wimps who cannot get a date. Many of them are quite articulate. Some are quite lovely, in some schools, more than half of the accounting majors are women. Also, not all CPAs are squeaky clean and respected for their honesty. Some are quite dishonest and are putting a black mark on the image of the entire profession. There is one area where the CPA profession has fallen short of protecting the public interest. The general duty that accountants owe to their clients and the other persons who are affected by their actions is to "exercise the skill and care of the ordinarily prudent accountant" in the same circumstances. Two elements compose the general duty of performance: skill and care. Another element and responsibility is owed to clients and other persons, that is that accountants should observe a standard of ethical or social responsibility. One set of difficulties concerns ethics education's ability to instill the chosen values and to make them stick after the educational process is completed. Instru ction in accounting ethics is directed at people whose character-or lack there-of-has largely been formed by the time the instruction occurs. Although such instruction should increase the moral awareness of those who are already predisposed to listen, its effect on the basically self-interested, indifferent, or unethical is questionable. Even those who are positively influenced by ethics instruction, moreover, may still behave irresponsibly if their careers or their livelihoods require them to act in their client's financial interest. Recent pressure to include more ethics instruction in the accounting classroom has placed an emphasis on individuals who have a sen... ... the trust instilled in me very seriously. I hope that this paper has enlightened you to the pitfalls many certified public accountants face today, both with ethical standards and with impending educational requirements. Reference Page Fulmer, W.E. and B.R. Cargile: 1987, "Ethical Perceptions of Accounting Students: Does Exposure to a Code of Professional Ethics Help?" Issues in Accounting Education 2, 207-219. Loeb, S.E.: 1988, "Teaching Students Accounting Ethics: Some Crucial Issues', Issues in Accounting Education 3, 316-329. Metzger, J.D.: 1992. "Business Law and the Regulatory Environment: Consepts and Cases 8th Edition. 1061. McGee, Robert W., "CPAs vs. the Public Interest". Dumont Institute, Ethic Information Center. 1. Whiteck, C: 1992, 'The Trouble with Dilemmas: Rethinking Applied Ethic', Professional Ethics 1, 119-142. er, J.D.: 1992. "Business Law and the Regulatory Environment: Consepts and Cases 8th Edition. 1061. McGee, Robert W., "CPAs vs. the Public Interest". Dumont Institute, Ethic Information Center. 1. Whiteck, C: 1992, 'The Trouble with Dilemmas: Rethinking Applied Ethic', Professional Ethics 1, 119-142.